Start with the basics
A short first route through the country, constitutional values, government and elections.
AI illustrationTHE CONSTITUTION, MADE UNDERSTANDABLEKnow your rights.
Know your rights.
Understand your India.
Start with a question. Discover the Preamble, Articles, Parts, Schedules and amendments — with plain-language guides beside the official text.
26 Parts12 Schedules506 indexed article entries, including historical omissions
Big ideas. Everyday meaning.
You do not need a law degree to start. Choose a question, read the plain-language guide, then check the words and sources for yourself.
Know your Fundamental Rights
Read the main protections, their qualifications and the courts that can enforce them.
From your vote to a government
Connect electoral rolls and adult suffrage with elected Houses and responsible ministries.
Who handles my local issue?
Understand village and city government and why State devolution laws matter.
How a law is made
Follow ordinary Bills, Money Bills, assent, temporary Ordinances and constitutional changes.
Follow public money
Distinguish lawful taxes, public funds, spending authority, revenue sharing and audit.
Union, State or local?
Learn the division of lawmaking powers and the routes for intergovernmental cooperation.
Representation and reservation
Read distinct seat, employment and community-list safeguards with their actual conditions.
THE PREAMBLE · FOUR FOUNDING PROMISES
The values behind the words.
Justice +
The Preamble commits to social, economic and political justice: the constitutional vision reaches beyond courtrooms.
Liberty +
Thought, expression, belief, faith and worship are part of the founding promise. Specific rights and their limits appear in the Articles.
Equality +
Equal status and opportunity guide the constitutional project. Articles 14–18 explain key legal guarantees.
Fraternity +
The Preamble connects a shared civic life with individual dignity and the unity and integrity of the Nation.
Search. Read. Understand.
Search by number, title or full text. Lettered provisions are included.
Source edition: as on 1 May 2026. Omitted and struck-down reference entries remain labelled. Open the authoritative PDF ↗
Preamble
source editionTHE PLAIN-LANGUAGE GUIDE
What does this mean?
The Preamble explains the kind of republic the people adopt and the values its institutions should pursue: justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It locates constitutional authority in the people and records adoption on 26 November 1949. Sovereign means independent constitutional authority; democratic refers to government grounded in the people; republic distinguishes the system from hereditary monarchy. The words socialist and secular and the reference to national integrity were added by the Forty-second Amendment. These words must be understood with the operative Constitution and judicial interpretation, not as a complete standalone scheme of rights or government.
IN EVERYDAY LIFE · ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
When reading an equality provision, compare its concrete guarantee and exceptions with the broader Preamble commitment to equality and individual dignity.
Why is this provision here?
It gives readers an orientation to the Constitution's public purposes and values. A practical legal claim still requires the applicable operative provisions and judgments; the Preamble does not replace their specific powers, limits or remedies.
Historical evidence
The official edition identifies the Forty-second Amendment changes. The original Preamble debates are not individually mapped here; the official draft-making archive is available for research.
The explanation of purpose is an editorial reading of the provision. A drafting motive is attributed only where a linked historical source supports it.
Limits, exceptions & reading carefully
This is an educational reading of constitutional values, not a substitute for the operative Articles or their judicial interpretation.
Read the official constitutional text
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute
India into a [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the [unity and
integrity of the Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES
THIS CONSTITUTION.
Source-page notes · may concern neighbouring Articles
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s.2, for "SOVEREIGN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
2. Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for "Unity of the Nation" (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
Extracted from the Legislative Department’s May 2026 edition. Page footnotes may refer to neighbouring provisions; check their markers in the PDF. Inclusion in this edition does not by itself establish commencement or judicial effect.
Explore every Part.
PART IThe Union And Its Territory5 indexed entries
The country's territorial framework: what India consists of and how States can be admitted, created or reorganised.
A map change needs a constitutional legal route, not only a change in everyday place names.
PART IICitizenship7 indexed entries
The citizenship settlement when the Constitution began, alongside Parliament's power to make later citizenship law.
Start here for the 1950 framework; consult present citizenship legislation for today's applications.
PART IIIFundamental Rights30 indexed entries
Enforceable constitutional rights, their limits, protective exceptions and the courts' remedies.
Identify who holds a right, who owes the duty and the restriction clause before applying it to a situation.
PART IVDirective Principles Of State Policy20 indexed entries
Policy directions for a fairer society, livelihoods, health, education, justice and public institutions.
These guide lawmaking and governance but are not directly enforceable in court by themselves under Article 37.
PART IVAFundamental Duties1 indexed entries
Citizens' listed responsibilities towards constitutional values, other people, the environment and public life.
A duty is different from a Fundamental Right; particular penalties need an applicable law.
PART VThe Union107 indexed entries
The Union's President, ministers, Parliament, Supreme Court and Comptroller and Auditor-General.
These institutions divide national power and create routes for representation, lawmaking, judicial protection and audit.
PART VIThe States90 indexed entries
State Governors, ministers, legislatures, High Courts and the subordinate judiciary.
State government has a constitutional structure of its own; an MLA, minister and judge have different jobs.
PART VIIThe States In Part B Of The First Schedule (Omitted)1 indexed entries
The former framework for Part B States, omitted after State reorganisation.
This historical Part explains older references; it is not an additional current tier of government.
PART VIIIThe Union Territories8 indexed entries
Administration and special institutional arrangements for Union territories, including Delhi.
Union territories do not all have the same powers or an elected Assembly.
PART IXThe Panchayats16 indexed entries
The constitutional framework for rural panchayats, elections, representation, finances and planning.
Local self-government depends on both these safeguards and the powers actually devolved by State law.
PART IXAThe Municipalities18 indexed entries
The framework for municipalities, urban representation, finances and district or metropolitan planning.
A city body's role is not identical to that of the State Assembly; check the applicable municipal law.
PART IXBThe Co-Operative Societies13 indexed entries
Governance provisions for co-operative societies, subject to the Supreme Court's ruling on their constitutional application.
The judicially limited application to State co-operatives must be distinguished from the multi-State framework.
PART XThe Scheduled And Tribal Areas2 indexed entries
Special administration for Scheduled and tribal areas through the Fifth and Sixth Schedules.
These territories can have constitutional institutions and protections different from the ordinary local-government model.
PART XIRelations Between The Union And The States22 indexed entries
Who can make laws and how Union and State executive responsibilities interact.
First identify the legislative subject and any special override, consent or international-agreement provision.
PART XIIFinance, Property, Contracts And Suits42 indexed entries
Taxes, government funds, financial sharing, property, borrowing, contracts and legal proceedings.
A government announcement, a tax power and legal authority to spend are different steps.
PART XIIITrade, Commerce And Intercourse Within The Territory Of India7 indexed entries
Freedom of trade across India and the constitutional exceptions for lawful restrictions.
The freedom is subject to the Part's specific parliamentary and State powers.
PART XIVServices Under The Union And The States17 indexed entries
Public-service recruitment, tenure safeguards, All-India Services and Public Service Commissions.
These rules explain constitutional employment safeguards and independent recruitment advice, not every departmental service rule.
PART XIVATribunals2 indexed entries
Enabling powers for administrative and other tribunals, read with constitutional judicial-review requirements.
A specialist tribunal is different from eliminating the superior courts' constitutional role.
PART XVElections7 indexed entries
The Election Commission, equal rolls, adult suffrage, election legislation and election-dispute routes.
Different bodies oversee national or State-legislature elections and local-body elections.
PART XVISpecial Provisions Relating To Certain Classes19 indexed entries
Reserved representation and special safeguards for specified communities, commissions and listing procedures.
A reservation, a community list and a commission's advice are distinct constitutional mechanisms with different conditions.
PART XVIIOfficial Language11 indexed entries
Union and State official languages, communication, courts, linguistic minorities and language development.
Official language is not the same expression as national language, and different institutions have different rules.
PART XVIIIEmergency Provisions10 indexed entries
National, State-constitutional-machinery and financial emergency powers and their safeguards.
The triggers, parliamentary approvals, time limits and effects are different for each kind of emergency.
PART XIXMiscellaneous10 indexed entries
Institutional immunities, particular legacy arrangements and general definitions and interpretation.
A definition can change how another Article is read; immunity clauses have precise limits.
PART XXAmendment Of The Constitution1 indexed entries
The special procedure for changing the Constitution, including State ratification for specified subjects.
This power is subject to constitutional judicial review and the basic-structure doctrine.
PART XXITemporary, Transitional And Special Provisions36 indexed entries
Temporary, transitional and State-specific arrangements, including legal continuity at commencement.
A clause can be historical, omitted, time-limited or State-specific; inclusion in this Part is not proof that every clause remains operative.
PART XXIIShort Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text In Hindi And Repeals4 indexed entries
The Constitution's legal name, commencement, authoritative Hindi text and repeal of earlier enactments.
Adoption on 26 November 1949 and general commencement on 26 January 1950 are distinct dates.
The Schedules.
First Schedule
The First Schedule identifies the States and Union territories and describes their territories.
Explore Schedule ↗Second ScheduleThe Second Schedule contains provisions concerning emoluments, allowances, privileges and related service conditions of specified constitutional office-holders.
Explore Schedule ↗Third ScheduleThe Third Schedule supplies prescribed oath and affirmation forms for specified offices and elected members.
Explore Schedule ↗Fourth ScheduleThe Fourth Schedule allocates Rajya Sabha seats to States and Union territories.
Explore Schedule ↗Fifth ScheduleThe Fifth Schedule sets administration and control arrangements for Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in the covered States.
Explore Schedule ↗Sixth ScheduleThe Sixth Schedule provides autonomous district and regional institutions for specified tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Explore Schedule ↗Seventh ScheduleThe Seventh Schedule divides legislative subjects into Union, State and Concurrent Lists.
Explore Schedule ↗Eighth ScheduleThe Eighth Schedule lists the constitutionally scheduled languages.
Explore Schedule ↗Ninth ScheduleThe Ninth Schedule lists Acts and regulations linked to the protection in Article 31B.
Explore Schedule ↗Tenth ScheduleThe Tenth Schedule provides the anti-defection framework for MPs and State legislators, with grounds, exceptions and decision arrangements.
Explore Schedule ↗Eleventh ScheduleThe Eleventh Schedule lists twenty-nine subjects relevant to panchayat planning and functions, including agriculture, rural infrastructure and welfare.
Explore Schedule ↗Twelfth ScheduleThe Twelfth Schedule lists eighteen subjects relevant to municipalities, including urban planning, roads, public health, sanitation and amenities.
Explore Schedule ↗Trace the amendments.
Amendment numbers identify Acts, not a count of operative changes. Read each Act, commencement provisions and any judicial status before relying on it.
106 amendment records
1Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 19511951
Added safeguards for certain land-reform laws and changed specified Fundamental Rights and legislative provisions.
The Bill's statement described difficulties identified by early court decisions concerning expression, public-interest regulation and land reform.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372, 376 Articles inserted: 31A & 31B Schedule Inserted: 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 This Amendment was challenged in Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Deo vs. Union of India and State of Bihar 1951 INSC 47: [1952] 1 S.C.R.89
2Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 19521952
Changed the population-to-seat rule for Lok Sabha representation.
The Bill sought to adjust representation rules in light of the population figures and practical seat-allocation concerns after the first census.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 81
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
3Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 19541954
Expanded Concurrent List entry 33 concerning specified essential commodities.
The statement sought continued parliamentary competence over listed essential commodities after the temporary Article 369 power ended.
Affected provisions: Amended: 7th Schedule
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
4Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 19551955
Changed property-acquisition provisions and added laws to the Ninth Schedule, with related trade provisions.
The statement responded to judicial interpretations of property protections and sought greater scope for specified socio-economic legislation.
Affected provisions: Articles inserted: 31 & 31A Article Substituted: 305 Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
5Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 19551955
Changed the process for referring State-reorganisation proposals to State legislatures under Article 3.
The statement sought to give affected States a reasonable opportunity to express their views while allowing the President to specify and extend the referral period and requiring that period to expire before introduction.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 3
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
6Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 19561956
Changed inter-State sales-tax powers and related constitutional entries.
The statement identified difficulties and uncertainty in the division of taxing powers over sales and sought a clearer inter-State framework.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 269, 286 Amended: 7th Schedule
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
7Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 19561956
Reworked the Constitution for State reorganisation, replacing the earlier State categories and revising many institutional arrangements.
The statement expressly connected the changes with implementation of the State-reorganisation scheme and related judicial and executive adjustments.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 1, 80, 131, 153, 158, 168, 171, 216, 217, 222 Articles inserted: 258A, 290A, 350A, 350B, 372A 378A Article Substituted: 81, 82, 170, 220, 224, 230, 231, 232, 239, 240, 298, 371 Schedule Amended : 2nd , 7th Schedule Substituted: 5th, 4th Amended : Part VIII
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
8Constitution (Eight Amendment) Act, 19591959
Extended the period for SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation.
The statement said that the conditions supporting the original representation measures had not ceased and proposed another ten years.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
9Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 19601960
Enabled specified territorial transfers connected with the India-Pakistan boundary agreements.
The statement cited the boundary agreements and the Supreme Court's advisory opinion as the reason an Article 368 change was needed.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 1st
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
10Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 19611961
Included Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union territory and changed the presidential-regulation provision.
The statement referred to the people's and Varishta Panchayat's request for integration with India.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 240 Schedule Amended : 1st
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
11Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 19611961
Changed Vice-Presidential election arrangements and protected presidential and Vice-Presidential elections against specified electoral-college vacancies.
The statement identified unnecessary practical difficulties in requiring a joint parliamentary meeting and possible incomplete electoral colleges.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 66, 71
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
12Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 19621962
Expressly included Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union territory and enabled presidential regulations.
The statement sought explicit constitutional listing and regulation-making arrangements after acquisition of those territories.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 240 Schedule Amended : 1st
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
13Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 19621962
Inserted the special Nagaland provision in Article 371A.
The statement connected the safeguards and governance arrangements with the 1960 agreement concerning Nagaland's formation as a State.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted 371 A Amendment of Part : XXI
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
14Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 19621962
Included Pondicherry and enabled legislatures or ministers for specified Union territories, with representation changes.
The statement followed the treaty cession of the former French establishments and sought representative institutions for covered territories.
Affected provisions: Articles Amended: 81, 240 Articles inserted: 239A Schedule Amended: 1st, 4th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
15Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 19631963
Changed several judicial and public-service provisions, including the retirement age of High Court judges.
The statement brought together previously considered constitutional adjustments and additional proposals on courts and judges.
Affected provisions: Articles Amended: 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311, 316 Article Inserted: 224A Schedule Amended : 7th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
16Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 19631963
Added sovereignty-and-integrity grounds to specified Article 19 restrictions and changed related oaths.
The statement sought to implement the National Integration Council committee's recommendations concerning India's sovereignty and integrity.
Affected provisions: Articles inserted: 19, 84, 173 Schedule Amended : 3rd
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
17Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 19641964
Expanded the land-reform protection framework and added specified laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement described uneven meanings of estate and litigation affecting implementation of land reforms.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 31A Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964 This Amendment was challenged in I. C. Golak Nath & Ors. vs. State of Punjab & Anrs. 1967 INSC 45: [1967]2 S.C.R.762
18Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 19661966
Clarified Article 3's application to Union territories and combination of parts of territories.
The statement sought to remove ambiguity left after the Union-territory category was introduced in 1956.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 3
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
19Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 19661966
Removed the constitutional reference to Election Commission appointment of election tribunals.
The statement connected this with the accepted recommendation to move election-petition trials from election tribunals to High Courts.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 324
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
20Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 19661966
Inserted Article 233A validating specified district-judge appointments and judicial acts.
The statement described uncertainty and disruption following judgments invalidating certain appointments and sought to protect the affected proceedings.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 233A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
21Constitution (Twenty First Amendment) Act, 19671967
Added Sindhi to the Eighth Schedule.
The statement referred to persistent demands and the linguistic-minorities Commissioner's recommendation for recognition of Sindhi.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 8th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
22Constitution (Twenty Second Amendment) Act, 19691969
Enabled an autonomous State within Assam through Article 244A and made related changes.
The statement sought constitutional authority to implement the announced autonomous-State scheme with a legislature and ministers.
Affected provisions: Article amended : 275 Article Inserted : 244A, 371B
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
23Constitution (Twenty Third Amendment) Act, 19691969
Changed specified reserved-representation arrangements and extended their duration.
The statement said the reasons for SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation continued, while addressing particular regional arrangements.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 330, 332, 333, 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
24Constitution (Twenty Fourth Amendment) Act, 19711971
Expressly set out Parliament's constituent power and changed the amendment framework.
The statement responded to the Golak Nath judgment's restriction on amending Fundamental Rights. The present power remains subject to the basic-structure doctrine.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 13, 368
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Twenty Fourth Amendment) Act, 1971 This Amendment was challenged in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala 1973 INSC 91 : [1973] Supp. (1) S. C. R. 1
25Constitution (Twenty Fifth Amendment) Act, 19711971
Changed property-acquisition protection and inserted Article 31C.
The statement responded to the bank-nationalisation judgment and sought protection for specified laws implementing resource-distribution Directive Principles. Later judgments limit parts of the enacted change.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 31 Article Inserted : 31C
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Twenty Fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 This Amendment was challenged in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala 1973 INSC 91 : [1973] Supp. (1) S. C. R. 1
26Constitution (Twenty Sixth Amendment) Act, 19711971
Ended former rulers' recognition and privy purses, including through Article 363A.
The statement described hereditary privy purses and privileges as inconsistent with an egalitarian social order.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 366 Article Inserted : 363A Article Omitted : 291, 362
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Twenty Sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 This Amendment was challenged in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala 1973 INSC 91 : [1973] Supp. (1) S. C. R. 1 Raghunathrao Ganpatrao Etc.Etc. vs. Union of India 1993 INSC 38 [1993] 1 S. C. R. 480
27Constitution (Twenty Seventh Amendment) Act, 19711971
Changed constitutional arrangements connected with North-Eastern reorganisation and Union-territory institutions.
The statement sought legislatures and ministers for the new Mizoram territory and related ordinance, regulation and reorganisation arrangements.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 239A, 240, Article Inserted : 239B, 371C
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
28Constitution (Twenty Eighth Amendment) Act, 19721972
Replaced specified legacy civil-service protections with Parliament's power under Article 312A.
The statement argued against an unalterable privileged service-condition class for specified pre-Constitution officers.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 312A Article Omitted : 314
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
29Constitution (Twenty Ninth Amendment) Act, 19721972
Added specified Kerala land-reform amendments to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement described litigation and implementation uncertainty concerning Kerala's amended land-reform framework.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Twenty Ninth Amendment) Act, 1972 This Amendment was challenged in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala 1973 INSC 91 : [1973] Supp. (1) S. C. R. 1
30Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 19721972
Changed the constitutional certificate route for civil appeals to the Supreme Court.
The statement relied on Law Commission recommendations that an important legal question, rather than a monetary valuation alone, should guide the appeal route.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 133
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
31Constitution (Thirty First Amendment) Act, 19731973
Raised the constitutional ceiling for Lok Sabha seats and adjusted representation rules.
The statement identified seat-allocation issues following North-Eastern reorganisation and population differences among States.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 81, 330, 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
32Constitution (Thirty Second Amendment) Act, 19731973
Inserted Articles 371D and 371E and made related Andhra Pradesh arrangements.
The statement described regional development, education and employment concerns and sought to implement the agreed framework for equitable opportunities.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 371 Article Inserted : 371D, 371E Schedule Amended : 7th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Thirty Second Amendment) Act, 1973 This Amendment was challenged in P. Sambamurthy & Ors. Etc. Etc. vs. State of Andhra Pradesh & Anr. 1986 INSC 283: [1987] 1 S.C.R. 879
33Constitution (Thirty Third Amendment) Act, 19741974
Required acceptance and inquiry into the voluntary and genuine character of specified legislative resignations.
The statement cited instances of coercion used to force legislators to resign and sought to protect legislative functioning.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 101, 190
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
34Constitution (Thirty Fourth Amendment) Act, 19741974
Added specified revised land-ceiling laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement connected the protection with revised ceiling guidelines and State land-reform legislation.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended: 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Thirty Fourth Amendment) Act, 1974 This Amendment was challenged in Glanrock Estate (P) Ltd. vs. State of Tamil Nadu 2010 INSC 589: [2010] 12 S.C.R. 597
35Constitution (Thirty Fifth Amendment) Act, 19741974
Created the former associated-State arrangement for Sikkim.
The statement related this to the 1973 agreement and the Sikkim Assembly's expressed desire for responsible government and closer relations with India. The arrangement was subsequently replaced.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 80, 81 Schedule Inserted : 10th Article Inserted : 2A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
36Constitution (Thirty Sixth Amendment) Act, 19751975
Made Sikkim a State and inserted its special constitutional arrangements.
The statement followed the Sikkim Assembly's resolution and the subsequent move from association to full State status.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 80,81 Schedule Amended : 1st, 4th Article Inserted : 371F Scheldule Omitted : 10 Article Ommited : 2A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
37Constitution (Thirty Seventh Amendment) Act, 19751975
Enabled a legislature and ministers for the then Union territory of Arunachal Pradesh.
The statement proposed replacing the advisory Pradesh Council and counsellors with representative legislative and ministerial institutions.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 239A, 240
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
38Constitution (Thirty Eighth Amendment) Act, 19751975
Changed emergency and Ordinance provisions, including attempted restrictions on reviewing the relevant satisfaction.
The statement sought to make the specified executive satisfaction final and conclusive. Later constitutional changes reversed important parts of this framework.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359, 360
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
39Constitution (Thirty Ninth Amendment) Act, 19751975
Changed election-dispute arrangements for specified high offices and added laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement proposed special treatment of disputes concerning holders of high constitutional offices. Parts were judicially invalidated and later repealed.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 329 Schedule Amended : 9th ,Article Inserted : 329A, Article Substituted : 71
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Thirty Ninth Amendment) Act, 1975 This Amendment was challenged in Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain 1975 INSC 272: [1976] 2 S.C.R. 347
40Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 19761976
Expanded the offshore-resource provision and added laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement sought to include exclusive-economic-zone resources within the Union framework and protect specified legislation.
Affected provisions: Article Substituted : 297 Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
41Constitution (Forty First Amendment) Act, 19761976
Raised the retirement age for State and Joint Public Service Commission members.
The statement noted retirement-age differences and the value of experienced officers for Commission membership.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 316
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
42Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 19761976
Made extensive changes, including the Preamble, duties, Directive Principles, tribunals and institutional powers.
The statement presented a broad programme of socio-economic and institutional change. Several enacted restrictions on judicial review and other provisions were later invalidated or reversed.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : Preamble, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 105, 118, 145, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 194, 208, 217, 225, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368, 371F Schedule Amended : 7th Amendment of Parts : Part IV A - Fundamental Duties and Part XIV A - Tribunals Article Inserted : 31, 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 51A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A, 257A, 323A, 323B Article Substituted : 103, 150, 192, 226
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 1976 This Amendment was challenged in Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. Etc. Etc. vs. Union of India & Ors. 1986 INSC 185: [1986] 3 S.C.R. 718
43Constitution (Forty Third Amendment) Act, 19771977
Removed several judicial-review restrictions inserted by the Forty-second Amendment.
The statement described how those restrictions had curtailed Supreme Court and High Court review and sought restoration of their jurisdiction.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 145, 226, 228, 366, Article Omitted : 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A, 228 A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
44Constitution (Forty Fourth Amendment) Act, 19781978
Restored and strengthened several constitutional safeguards and changed property protection and emergency rules.
The statement drew on the experience of emergency-era curtailment of rights and sought stronger protection against recurrence; the Bill's proposals and final enacted text are not identical.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 74, 77, 83, 105, 123,132,133,134,139A,150,166, 172, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360, 371F Scheduled Amended : 9th Part XII- Chapter IV- Right to Property Article Inserted : 134A, 300A, 361 A Article Substituted : 71, 103, 192 Article Omitted : Sub heading after article 30, 31, 257A, 329A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Forty Fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 This Amendment was challenged in A. K. Roy Etc. vs. Union of India and Anr. 1981 INSC 210: [1982] 2 S.C.R. 272
45Constitution (Forty Fifth Amendment) Act, 19801980
Extended SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation for a further period.
The statement said the conditions underlying the representation measures continued beyond the then-expiring period.
Affected provisions: Article Amneded : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
46Constitution (Forty Sixth Amendment) Act, 19821982
Changed taxation provisions concerning specified sale and purchase transactions.
The change addressed taxing-power difficulties involving transactions such as works contracts, hire-purchase and related deemed sales; current GST provisions and later law must also be checked.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 269, 286, 366 Scheduled Amended : 7th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Forty Sixth Amendment) Act, 1982 This Amendment was challenged in Builders Association of India and Ors. Etc. Etc. vs. Union of India and Ors. Etc. Etc. 1989 INSC 112: [1989]2 S.C.R. 320
47Constitution (Forty Seventh Amendment) Act, 19841984
Added specified land-reform laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement sought protection for land-reform and ceiling legislation to support its implementation, subject today to constitutional judicial-review limits.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
48Constitution (Forty Eighth Amendment) Act, 19841984
Made a temporary Punjab-specific adjustment to the President's Rule continuation framework.
The statement cited the prevailing Punjab situation and the possible need to continue the 1983 proclamation beyond the ordinary threshold.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 356
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
49Constitution (Forty Ninth Amendment) Act, 19841984
Extended the Sixth Schedule framework to Tripura's tribal areas.
The statement cited the Assembly's requests and the desire to give constitutional status to the autonomous district arrangement.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 244 Schedule Amended : 5th, 6th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
50Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 19841984
Expanded the categories for which Parliament can modify Fundamental Rights under Article 33.
The statement sought to include specified security, intelligence and related communication personnel to support duty and discipline.
Affected provisions: Article Substituted : 33
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
51Constitution (Fifty First Amendment) Act, 19841984
Changed ST reserved-representation arrangements for specified North-Eastern States.
The statement cited State requests to secure representation for tribal populations in the covered legislatures.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 330, 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
52Constitution (Fifty Second Amendment) Act, 19851985
Inserted the anti-defection framework in the Tenth Schedule with related changes.
The statement described political defections as a threat to democracy and sought disqualification rules for specified departures from electoral-party affiliation.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 101, 102, 190, 191 Schedule Inserted : 10th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Fifty Second Amendment) Act, 1985 This Amendment was challenged in Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zachillhu and Others 1991 INSC 287: [1992] 1 S.C.R. 686
53Constitution (Fifty Third Amendment) Act, 19861986
Inserted Mizoram's special constitutional provision in Article 371G.
The statement sought to implement the statehood-related arrangements in the 1986 Mizoram settlement.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 371G
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
54Constitution (Fifty Fourth Amendment) Act, 19861986
Changed Supreme Court and High Court judges' salary provisions.
The statement cited long-unchanged salaries, inflation and the need to revise judicial remuneration.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 125, 221 Schedule Amended : 2nd
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
55Constitution (Fifty Fifth Amendment) Act, 19861986
Inserted Arunachal Pradesh's special provision in Article 371H.
The statement linked statehood with the sensitive location, special law-and-order responsibility and Assembly-size arrangement.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 371H
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
56Constitution (Fifty Sixth Amendment) Act, 19871987
Inserted Goa's special provision in Article 371I and made statehood-related changes.
The statement concerned Goa's statehood and transitional legislative arrangements following separation of Daman and Diu.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted: 371-I
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
57Constitution (Fifty Seventh Amendment) Act, 19871987
Adjusted ST reserved-seat arrangements for specified North-Eastern Assemblies.
The statement sought minimum tribal representation while addressing the special circumstances and population composition of the covered States.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
58Constitution (Fifty Eighth Amendment) Act, 19871987
Inserted Article 394A on an authoritative Hindi text.
The statement cited demand for an authoritative Hindi Constitution incorporating amendments and usable in legal processes.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 394A, Amendment of the Heading of Part XXII
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
59Constitution (Fifty Ninth Amendment) Act, 19881988
Made temporary Punjab-specific changes concerning emergency powers and President's Rule.
The statement cited the disturbed security situation in Punjab. The special provisions were later repealed by the Sixty-third Amendment.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 356 Article inserted : 359 A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
60Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 19881988
Raised the constitutional annual ceiling for profession tax to ₹2,500.
The statement cited price increases, the restrictive older ceiling and States' need to raise resources.
Affected provisions: Article Amneded : 276
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
61Constitution (Sixty First Amendment) Act, 19881988
Lowered the voting age for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections from twenty-one to eighteen.
The statement sought to involve previously unrepresented young adults in the political process and noted their growing awareness and participation.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 326
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
62Constitution (Sixty Second Amendment) Act, 19891989
Extended the period for SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation.
The statement said the reasons supporting these representation arrangements had not ceased after forty years.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
63Constitution (Sixty Third Amendment) Act, 19891989
Repealed the special Punjab emergency changes made by the Fifty-ninth Amendment.
The statement said those special powers were no longer considered necessary on reconsideration.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 356 Article Ommitted : 359 A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
64Constitution (Sixty Fourth Amendment) Act, 19901990
Further adjusted the temporary continuation framework for President's Rule in Punjab.
The statement addressed the constitutional duration limits and the stated need to continue the proclamation in the prevailing conditions.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 356
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
65Constitution (Sixty Fifth Amendment) Act, 19901990
Replaced the single Special Officer with a constitutional commission for SCs and STs.
The statement considered a high-level multi-member commission a more effective safeguard-monitoring arrangement.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 338
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
66Constitution (Sixty Sixth Amendment) Act, 19901990
Added specified land-reform laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement sought to protect listed land-reform legislation from the litigation risks it described; present constitutional-review limits still apply.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended: 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Sixty Sixth Amendment) Act, 1990 This Amendment was challenged in I. R. Coelho (Dead) by Lrs. Vs. State of Tamil Nadu 2007 INSC 28 [2007] 1 S.C.R 706
67Constitution (Sixty Seventh Amendment) Act, 19901990
Further changed the temporary Punjab President's Rule duration arrangement.
The statement addressed the continuing proclamation and the constitutional limits on its extension.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 356
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
68Constitution (Sixty Eighth Amendment) Act, 19911991
Further changed the temporary Punjab President's Rule duration arrangement.
The statement sought the further constitutional room described for continuation of the proclamation in Punjab.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 356
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
69Constitution (Sixty Ninth Amendment) Act, 19911991
Created Delhi's National Capital Territory framework through Articles 239AA and 239AB.
The statement followed a committee's examination and sought a stable constitutional Assembly-and-ministers arrangement while retaining Union-territory status.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 239 AA, 239 AB
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
70Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 19921992
Included elected Delhi and Pondicherry Assembly members in the presidential electoral college.
The statement cited parliamentary support for including those elected Union-territory representatives alongside elected State Assembly members.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 54, 239AA
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
71Constitution (Seventy First Amendment) Act, 19921992
Added Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule.
The statement referred to demands for inclusion of these languages and clarified the names used for Nepali.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 8th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
72Constitution (Seventy Second Amendment) Act, 19921992
Made a Tripura-specific ST reserved-seat arrangement.
The statement connected greater tribal participation in governance with the Tripura settlement.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
73Constitution (Seventy Third Amendment) Act, 19921992
Inserted the panchayat framework in Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule.
The statement identified irregular elections, prolonged supersession, weak representation, insufficient devolution and lack of resources as obstacles to responsive rural self-government.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 280 Schedule Inserted : 11th Part IX- The Panchayats Article Inserted : 243, 243A to 243-O
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
74Constitution (Seventy Fourth Amendment) Act, 19921992
Inserted the municipal framework in Part IXA and the Twelfth Schedule.
The statement identified weak urban bodies, irregular elections, supersession and insufficient devolved powers and sought a firmer constitutional basis for urban self-government.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 280 Schedule Inserted : 12th Part IX A- The Municipalities, Article Inserted : 243P to 243Z, 243ZA to 243ZG
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
75Constitution (Seventy Fifth Amendment) Act, 19931993
Expanded the tribunal-enabling provision to specified rent-control matters.
The statement cited prolonged rent litigation, delayed justice and adverse effects on the rental-housing market.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 323B
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
76Constitution (Seventy Sixth Amendment) Act, 19941994
Added the specified Tamil Nadu reservation law to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement sought to protect the State's reservation framework following the Indra Sawhney decision; Ninth Schedule listing remains subject to constitutional judicial-review limits.
Affected provisions: Scedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
77Constitution (Seventy Seventh Amendment) Act, 19951995
Enabled specified SC/ST reservation in promotions through Article 16(4A).
The statement responded to the Indra Sawhney promotion ruling and sought to continue promotion reservation where SC/ST representation was considered inadequate.
Affected provisions: Article Amended: 16
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
78Constitution (Seventy Eighth Amendment) Act, 19951995
Added specified land-reform laws to the Ninth Schedule.
The statement described the protection as supporting implementation of land reforms despite litigation risks; later constitutional-review principles still matter.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 9th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
79Constitution (Seventy Ninth Amendment) Act, 19991999
Extended SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation for another period.
The statement said the original representation concerns persisted after fifty years.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
80Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 20002000
Changed Union-State tax sharing to a broader divisible-pool framework.
The statement sought to implement the Tenth Finance Commission's alternative tax-devolution scheme.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 269 Article Substituted : 270 Article Omitted : 272
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
81Constitution (Eighty First Amendment) Act, 20002000
Inserted the specified separate treatment of carried-forward reserved vacancies in Article 16(4B).
The statement described backlog-vacancy difficulties after the annual reservation-ceiling ruling and sought to enable filling those vacancies separately under the stated conditions.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 16
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Eighty First Amendment) Act, 2000 This Amendment was challenged in M. Nagaraj and Ors. vs. Union of India and Ors. 2006 INSC 711 : [2006] Supp. (7) S. C. R. 336
82Constitution (Eighty Second Amendment) Act, 20002000
Added a proviso to Article 335 concerning qualifying-mark and evaluation relaxation in specified SC/ST promotion reservations.
The statement responded to the judicial restriction on such relaxations and sought to enable them constitutionally.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 335
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Eighty Second Amendment) Act, 2000 This Amendment was challenged in M. Nagaraj and Ors. vs. Union of India and Ors. 2006 INSC 711 : [2006] Supp. (7) S. C. R. 336
83Constitution (Eighty Third Amendment) Act, 20002000
Made a panchayat SC-reservation exception for Arunachal Pradesh.
The statement described the State's indigenous tribal population and the absence of Scheduled Castes as the reason the general SC reservation requirement needed adaptation.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 243M
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
84Constitution (Eighty Fourth Amendment) Act, 20012001
Extended the seat-reallocation freeze and enabled the specified constituency readjustment.
The statement connected the freeze with population-policy objectives while allowing rationalisation of constituencies within the constitutional limits.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 55, 81, 82, 170, 330, 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
85Constitution (Eighty Fifth Amendment) Act, 20012001
Added consequential seniority to the specified SC/ST promotion-reservation enabling clause.
The statement responded to judgments affecting seniority following reserved promotions and sought protection for the affected employees under the amended framework.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 16
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Eighty Fifth Amendment) Act, 2001 This Amendment was challenged in M. Nagaraj and Ors. vs. Union of India and Ors. 2006 INSC 711 : [2006] Supp. (7) S. C. R. 336
86Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act, 20022002
Inserted the six-to-fourteen education right, revised Article 45 and added a parent or guardian duty.
The statement said universal education remained unfulfilled and sought an explicit Fundamental Right alongside the connected policy and duty changes.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 51A Article Inserted : 21A Article Substituted : 45
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 This Amendment was challenged in Pramati Educational & Cultural Trust & Cultural Trust & Ors. 2014 INSC 362 : [2014] 11 S.C.R. 712
87Constitution (Eighty Seventh Amendment) Act, 20032003
Changed the census basis for the specified delimitation exercise from 1991 to 2001.
The statement referred to the Delimitation Commission's work and sought use of the more recent census figures for the permitted readjustment.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 81, 82, 170, 330
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
88Constitution (Eighty Eighth Amendment) Act, 20032003
Inserted the former service-tax allocation framework and related entries.
The statement sought explicit constitutional treatment and sharing of service-tax powers as services grew in economic importance. GST changes later replaced this arrangement.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 270 Schedule Amended : 7th Article Inserted : 268A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
89Constitution (Eighty Ninth Amendment) Act, 20032003
Separated the SC and ST constitutional commissions by inserting Article 338A.
The statement noted the different geographical, cultural and development issues of ST communities and sought focused constitutional oversight.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 338 Article Inserted : 338A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
90Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 20032003
Protected the specified existing representation balance in Assam's Bodoland Territorial Areas arrangement.
The statement linked the change to the 2003 settlement and protection of both tribal and non-tribal representation.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 332
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
91Constitution (Ninety First Amendment) Act, 20032003
Limited ministry size and strengthened anti-defection consequences and rules.
The statement criticised the split exemption for facilitating defections and linked oversized ministries with reform concerns. Its proposed numerical ceiling differed from the final enacted rule; read the Act for the operative limit.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 75, 164 Schedule Amended : 10th Article Inserted : 361B
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
92Constitution (Ninety Second Amendment) Act, 20032003
Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule.
The linked introduced Bill statement initially proposed Bodo; the enacted amendment added four languages. The proposal and final outcome must be distinguished.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 8th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
93Constitution (Ninety Third Amendment) Act, 20052005
Enabled specified special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes and SC/ST admissions, including covered private institutions.
The statement sought broader access to higher education for the covered disadvantaged groups, including through private unaided institutions, while preserving minority-institution protections.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 15
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Ninety Third Amendment) Act, 2005 This Amendment was challenged in Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India 2008 INSC 473 : [2008] 4 S.C.R.1 Pramati Educational & Cultural Trust & Cultural Trust & Ors. 2014 INSC 362 : [2014] 11 S.C.R. 712
94Constitution (Ninety Fourth Amendment) Act, 20062006
Changed the States covered by the constitutional tribal-welfare minister requirement.
The statement explained that State reorganisation transferred Scheduled Areas and tribal populations to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, requiring the ministerial requirement to reflect the changed geography.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 164
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
95Constitution (Ninety Fifth Amendment) Act, 20092009
Extended the period for SC/ST reserved seats and Anglo-Indian special representation.
The statement said the representation concerns continued after sixty years and sought another decade of both measures. Later amendments treated SC/ST reservations and Anglo-Indian nomination differently.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
96Constitution (Ninety Sixth Amendment) Act, 20112011
Changed the Eighth Schedule language name from Oriya to Odia.
The statement cited the Odisha legislature's resolution requesting the language-name and translation changes.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 8th
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
97Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment) Act, 20112011
Added co-operative-related provisions, including Part IXB and Article 43B.
The statement identified postponed elections, prolonged administrator control, weak accountability and poor professional management and sought autonomous democratic co-operatives. The Supreme Court later limited Part IXB's application to State co-operatives.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 19 Part IXB- The Co-operative Societies Article Inserted : 43B, 243ZH to 243ZT
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Part IXB application to State co-operative societies was invalidated by the Supreme Court; distinguish the surviving multi-State application.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011 This Amendment was challenged in Union of India vs. Rajendra N. Shah and Anr. 2021 INSC 340: [2021] 5 S.C.R.458
98Constitution (Ninety Eighth Amendment) Act, 20122012
Inserted Article 371J for the specified Karnataka region.
The statement cited Karnataka legislative resolutions seeking reduced regional disparities and a mechanism for equitable development funds, education opportunities and local public-service opportunities in the then Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
Affected provisions: Article Inserted : 371J
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
99Constitution (Ninety Ninth Amendment) Act, 20142014
Introduced the National Judicial Appointments Commission framework.
The statement proposed a revised judicial-appointments institution following the judicially developed appointment system. The Supreme Court struck down the amendment, so it is historical rather than an operative NJAC mechanism.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 124, 127, 128, 217, 222, 224, 224A, 231 Article Inserted : 124A, 124B, 124C
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015. NJAC is not an operative appointment mechanism.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (Ninety Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014 This Amendment was challenged in Supreme Court Advocates- on-Record Association and Anr. vs. Union of India 2015 INSC 285: [2015] 13 S.C.R. 1
100Constitution (One Hundred Amendment) Act, 20152015
Changed territorial descriptions to implement the India-Bangladesh land-boundary settlement.
The statement described unresolved boundary issues and the agreements and protocol requiring constitutional implementation.
Affected provisions: Schedule Amended : 1st
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
101Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 20162016
Created the constitutional GST framework, including special legislative powers and the GST Council.
The statement sought to replace multiple indirect taxes, reduce cascading taxation and support a common national market.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368 Schedule Amended : 6th & 7th Article Inserted : 246A, 269A, 279A Article Omitted : 268A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
102Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 20182018
Gave the National Commission for Backward Classes constitutional status and inserted related listing provisions.
The statement described the existing commission and safeguard structure and sought a constitutional framework for backward-class oversight.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 338, 366 Article Inserted : 338B, 342A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018 This Amendment was challenged in Dr. Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil vs. The Chief Minister & ors. 2021 INSC 284 : [2021] 15 S.C.R.715
103Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendmendment) Act, 20192019
Enabled specified EWS reservations in education and public employment.
The statement described economic barriers faced by people outside existing reserved categories and sought an additional enabling framework for economically weaker sections.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 15, 16
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
Official catalogue notes
Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendmendment) Act, 2019 This Amendment was challenged in Janhit Abhiyan vs. Union of India 2022 INSC 1175: [2022] 14 S.C.R.1
104Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 20192019
Extended SC/ST legislative-seat reservations while not extending Anglo-Indian nomination beyond its former period.
The statement cited continuing representation concerns for SC/ST communities; the enacted distinction between the two categories is essential.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 334
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
105Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 20212021
Clarified the State and Union-territory power to maintain their own SEBC lists for their purposes.
The statement described the intended distinction between the Central List and State lists and sought to restore clarity after the judicial interpretation of the 102nd Amendment.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 338B, 342A, 366
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
Historical enacted amendment; later amendments and judicial decisions can change its present legal effect.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
106Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 20232023
Inserted women's seat-reservation provisions for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies with connected Delhi changes and Article 334A conditions.
The statement identified women's under-representation in lawmaking and sought greater participation. Actual reserved-seat operation remains tied to the constitutional census-and-delimitation implementation sequence.
Affected provisions: Article Amended : 239AA Article Inserted : 330A, 332A, 334A
Commencement context: Consult the Act and official commencement notifications. Assent, commencement and practical implementation are different events.
The source catalogue records commencement separately from practical operation. Women's reserved-seat implementation depends on Article 334A's census and delimitation sequence; no election-specific reservation map is certified here.
Historical legislative proposal, attributed to the linked Bill statement. A Bill, its stated objects, the enacted Act, later amendments and judicial status are different records.
A constitutional vocabulary.
Article
A numbered constitutional provision. Some have lettered numbers because amendments inserted them between existing numbers.
Part
A group of Articles organised around a broad subject, such as Fundamental Rights or elections.
Schedule
A separately arranged constitutional list or detailed framework linked to the Articles. Schedules are part of the Constitution.
Amendment
A formal constitutional change made under the applicable constitutional procedure. Enactment does not alone resolve every commencement, implementation or judicial-status question.
Proviso
A qualification or exception introduced into a legal rule, often beginning with provided that. It can significantly change how the opening sentence works.
Clause
A subdivision of an Article. A single Article can contain multiple rights, exceptions or procedures in separate clauses.
Subject to
Words indicating that the rule must operate within another stated rule or limit.
Notwithstanding
Words indicating that the specified rule operates despite the conflicting provision identified in the text. The scope still depends on the exact wording.
State
A word whose constitutional meaning depends on context. In Article 12 it covers specified public authorities; in territorial and federal provisions it can refer to a constituent State.
Fundamental Right
A right protected in Part III, with the scope, duty-holder and remedies determined by the Constitution and judicial interpretation.
Directive Principle
A Part IV governance principle. Article 37 says these are fundamental in governance but are not enforceable by courts by themselves.
Writ
A constitutional court direction or order of a recognised kind used in its protective jurisdiction. The available remedy depends on the legal issue and facts.
Assent
The constitutional approval stage after legislative passage. Some Bills can be returned or reserved under the applicable provisions.
Ordinance
A temporary legislative instrument issued under the stated constitutional conditions during legislative recess, with a limited lifespan and later legislative scrutiny.
Money Bill
A narrowly defined kind of Bill under Article 110 or 199 that follows a special legislative process. A financial effect alone does not settle classification.
Quorum
The minimum attendance required for a House to conduct business under the applicable constitutional and procedural rules.
Present and voting
The members who actually cast votes on the question; this is not always the same number as the House's total membership.
Collective responsibility
The constitutional principle that the Council of Ministers is answerable as a body to the directly elected House specified in the relevant Article.
Judicial review
A court's examination of whether government action or legislation meets constitutional and legal requirements, within its jurisdiction.
Basic structure
The judicial doctrine that Parliament's constitutional amendment power cannot destroy the Constitution's basic structure. Applying it requires the relevant judgments.
Commencement
When a legal provision comes into force. This can differ from the date a Bill passes or an Act receives assent.
Delimitation
The legally authorised process of defining or readjusting constituency boundaries and related allocations under the applicable framework.
Reserved seat
A constituency seat subject to the specified candidate-eligibility reservation. It does not mean a separate electoral roll for only that community.
Electoral college
The body of eligible electors for an indirect election, such as the presidential election. Its composition is defined by the relevant provisions.
Omitted
Removed from the constitutional text by amendment. A historical index entry is not a present standalone power or right.
Struck down
Judicially invalidated. A provision printed as a historical reference should not therefore be assumed operative.
Editorial explanation
An educational interpretation of the linked text, distinguished from the official wording and from a documented speaker's historical reasons.
Statement of Objects and Reasons
The explanatory statement accompanying a Bill. It records the proposal's stated reasons; the final enacted text and later judicial decisions may differ.